Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, PC, DL, FRS, Hon. RA (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician, best known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the 20th century, he served as Prime Minister twice (1940–45 and 1951–55). A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. He is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature and was the first person to be made an Honorary Citizen of the United States.
Churchill was born into an aristocratic family as the grandson of the 7th Duke of Marlborough. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a charismatic politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer; his mother, Jennie Jerome, was an American socialite. As a young army officer, he saw action in British India, the Sudan, and the Second Boer War. He gained fame as a war correspondent and wrote books about his campaigns.
At the forefront of politics for fifty years, he held many political and cabinet positions. Before the First World War, he served as President of the Board of Trade, Home Secretary, and First Lord of the Admiralty as part of the Asquith Liberal government. During the war, he continued as First Lord of the Admiralty until the disastrous Gallipoli Campaign caused his departure from government. He then briefly resumed active army service on the Western Front as commander of the 6th Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers. He returned to government as Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War, and Secretary of State for Air. After the War, Churchill served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Conservative (Baldwin) government of 1924–29, controversially returning the pound sterling in 1925 to the gold standard at its pre-war parity, a move widely seen as creating deflationary pressure on the UK economy. Also controversial was his opposition to increased home rule for India and his resistance to the 1936 abdication of Edward VIII.
Out of office and politically "in the wilderness" during the 1930s, Churchill took the lead in warning about Nazi Germany and in campaigning for rearmament. On the outbreak of the Second World War, he was again appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Following the resignation of Neville Chamberlain on 10 May 1940, Churchill became Prime Minister. His steadfast refusal to consider defeat, surrender, or a compromise peace helped inspire British resistance, especially during the difficult early days of the War when Britain stood alone among European countries in its active opposition to Adolf Hitler. Churchill was particularly noted for his speeches and radio broadcasts, which helped inspire the British people. He led Britain as Prime Minister until victory over Nazi Germany had been secured.
After the Conservative Party lost the 1945 election, he became Leader of the Opposition to the Labour (Attlee) government. After winning the 1951 election, he again became Prime Minister, before retiring in 1955. Upon his death, Elizabeth II granted him the honour of a state funeral, which saw one of the largest assemblies of world statesmen in history.[1] Named the Greatest Briton of all time in a 2002 poll, Churchill is widely regarded as being among the most influential people in British history.
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
In office
26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
Monarch
George VI
Elizabeth II
Deputy Anthony Eden
Preceded by Clement Attlee
Succeeded by Anthony Eden
In office
10 May 1940 – 26 July 1945
Monarch George VI
Deputy Clement Attlee
Preceded by Neville Chamberlain
Succeeded by Clement Attlee
Leader of the Opposition
In office
26 July 1945 – 26 October 1951
Monarch George VI
Prime Minister Clement Attlee
Preceded by Clement Attlee
Succeeded by Clement Attlee
Leader of the Conservative Party
In office
9 November 1940 – 7 April 1955
Preceded by Neville Chamberlain
Succeeded by Anthony Eden
Secretary of State for Defence
In office
28 October 1951 – 1 March 1952
Prime Minister Himself
Preceded by Emanuel Shinwell
Succeeded by The Earl Alexander of Tunis
In office
10 May 1940 – 26 July 1945
Prime Minister Himself
Preceded by
The Lord Chatfield (Minister for Coordination of Defence)
Succeeded by Clement Attlee
Chancellor of the Exchequer
In office
6 November 1924 – 4 June 1929
Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin
Preceded by Philip Snowden
Succeeded by Philip Snowden
Home Secretary
In office
19 February 1910 – 24 October 1911
Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith
Preceded by Herbert Gladstone
Succeeded by Reginald McKenna
President of the Board of Trade
In office
12 April 1908 – 14 February 1910
Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith
Preceded by David Lloyd George
Succeeded by Sydney Buxton
Member of Parliament
for Woodford
In office
5 July 1945 – 15 October 1964
Preceded by New Constituency
Succeeded by Patrick Jenkin
Member of Parliament
for Epping
In office
29 October 1924 – 5 July 1945
Preceded by Sir Leonard Lyle
Succeeded by Leah Manning
Member of Parliament
for Dundee
with Alexander Wilkie
In office
24 April 1908 – 15 November 1922
Preceded by
Alexander Wilkie
Edmund Robertson
Succeeded by
Edmund Morel
Edwin Scrymgeour
Member of Parliament
for Manchester North West
In office
8 February 1906 – 24 April 1908
Preceded by William Houldsworth
Succeeded by William Joynson-Hicks
Member of Parliament
for Oldham
with Alfred Emmott
In office
24 October 1900 – 12 January 1906
Preceded by
Walter Runciman
Alfred Emmott
Succeeded by
Alfred Emmott
John Albert Bright
Personal details
Born Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill
30 November 1874
Blenheim Palace, Woodstock,
Oxfordshire, England,
United Kingdom
Died 24 January 1965 (aged 90)
28 Hyde Park Gate, London, England
Resting place St Martin's Church, Bladon, Oxfordshire
Citizenship British
Nationality English
Political party
Conservative (1900–04, 1924–64)
Liberal (1904–24)
Spouse(s)
Clementine Churchill
1908–1965 (his death)
Relations
Lord Randolph Churchill (father)
Lady Randolph Churchill (mother)
John Strange Spencer-Churchill (brother)
Pamela Harriman (former daughter-in-law)
Winston Churchill (grandson)
Children
Diana Churchill
Randolph Churchill
Sarah Tuchet-Jesson
Marigold Churchill
Mary Soames
Residence
10 Downing Street (official)
Chartwell (private)
28 Hyde Park Gate, London (private)
Alma mater
Harrow School
Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
Profession Member of Parliament, statesman, soldier, journalist, historian, author, painter
Religion Anglican
Signature
Military service
Allegiance Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Empire
Service/branch Flag of the British Army.svg British Army
Years of service 1895–1900, 1902–24
Rank Lieutenant-Colonel
Battles/wars
Anglo-Afghan War
· Siege of Malakand
Mahdist War
· Battle of Omdurman
Second Boer War
· Siege of Ladysmith
First World War
· Western Front
Awards
Galó de l'Orde del Mèrit (UK).png Order of Merit
Order of Companions of Honour ribbon.png Companion of Honour
India Medal BAR.svg India Medal
Queens Sudan Medal BAR.svg Queen's Sudan Medal
Queens South Africa Medal 1899-1902 ribbon.png Queen's South Africa Medal
1914 Star BAR.svg 1914–15 Star
British War Medal BAR.svg British War Medal
Allied Victory Medal BAR.svg Victory Medal
Territorial Decoration (UK) ribbon.PNG Territorial Decoration
Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill as historian
Winston Churchill as writer
Winston Churchill in politics: 1900-1939
Honours of Winston Churchill
Later life of Winston Churchill
Chartwell
Blenheim Palace
St Martin's Church, Bladon
Churchill portrait NYP 45063.jpg
Writings
The Story of the Malakand Field Force
Savrola
The River War
London to Ladysmith via Pretoria
Ian Hamilton's March
Lord Randolph Churchill
The World Crisis
My Early Life
Marlborough: His Life and Times
Great Contemporaries
While England Slept
The Second World War
A History of the English-Speaking Peoples
Speeches
Blood, toil, tears, and sweat
Be Ye Men of Valour
We shall fight on the beaches
This was their finest hour
Never was so much owed by so many to so few
Family
Father: Lord Randolph Churchill
Mother: Lady Randolph Churchill
Brother: John Strange Spencer-Churchill
Wife: Clementine Churchill, Baroness Spencer-Churchill
Children: Diana
Randolph
Sarah
Marigold
Mary
Grandchildren
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List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
Kingdom of Great Britain
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Peel
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Petty
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R Churchill
Goschen
Harcourt
Hicks Beach
Ritchie
A Chamberlain
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N Chamberlain
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W Churchill
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Simon
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Lloyd
Maudling
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Howe
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Major
Lamont
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Brown
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Home Secretaries of the United Kingdom
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Straw
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Reid
Smith
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May
Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (HM Government).svg
[hide]
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Defence Secretaries of the United Kingdom
Ministers for Defence
Winston Churchill
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A. V. Alexander
Manny Shinwell
Winston Churchill
The Earl Alexander of Tunis
Harold Macmillan
Selwyn Lloyd
Sir Walter Monckton
Anthony Head
Duncan Sandys
Harold Watkinson
Peter Thorneycroft
Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (HM Government).svg
Secretaries of State for Defence
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The Lord Carrington
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Roy Mason
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George Younger
Tom King
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[hide]
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Leaders of the House of Commons
Walpole
Sandys
Pelham
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H Fox
Pitt the Elder
Vacant (Caretaker Ministry)
Pitt the Elder
Grenville
H Fox
Grenville
Conway
North
C Fox
Townshend
(C Fox/North)
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C Fox
Howick
Perceval
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Canning
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Palmerston
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Gladstone
Disraeli
Gladstone
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Hicks-Beach
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R Churchill
Smith
Balfour
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Harcourt
Balfour
Campbell-Bannerman
Asquith
Bonar Law
A Chamberlain
Bonar Law
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MacDonald
Baldwin
MacDonald
Baldwin
MacDonald
Baldwin
N Chamberlain
W Churchill
Cripps
Eden
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Chuter Ede
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Butler
Macleod
Lloyd
Bowden
Crossman
Peart
Whitelaw
Carr
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Short
Foot
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Wakeham
Howe
MacGregor
Newton
Taylor
Beckett
Cook
Reid
Hain
Hoon
Straw
Harman
Young
[hide]
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Minister of Munitions of the United Kingdom
David Lloyd George
Edwin Samuel Montagu
Christopher Addison
Winston Churchill
Lord Iverforth
[hide]
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Fathers of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
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Leadership
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The Duke of Wellington
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[hide]
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War Cabinet of Winston Churchill
Prime Minister
Minister of Defence
Winston Churchill (1940–1945)
Photograph
Deputy Prime Minister
Clement Attlee (1942–1945)
Lord President of the Council
Neville Chamberlain (1940)
Sir John Anderson (1940–1943)
Clement Attlee (1943–1945)
Lord Privy Seal
Clement Attlee (1940–1942)
Sir Stafford Cripps (1942)
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Sir Kingsley Wood (1940–1942)
Sir John Anderson (1943–1945)
Foreign Secretary
Viscount Halifax (1940)
Anthony Eden (1940–1945)
Home Secretary
Herbert Morrison (1940–1945)
Minister of Aircraft Production
Lord Beaverbrook (1940–1941)
Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs
Clement Attlee (1942–1943)
Minister of Labour and National Service
Ernest Bevin (1940–1945)
Minister Resident Middle East
Oliver Lyttelton (1942)
Richard Casey (1942–1944)
Lord Moyne (1944)
Minister without Portfolio
Arthur Greenwood (1940–1942)
Minister of Reconstruction
Lord Woolton (1943–1945)
Minister of State
Lord Beaverbrook (1941)
Minister of Supply
Lord Beaverbrook (1941–1942)
Minister of Production
Lord Beaverbrook (1942)
Oliver Lyttelton (1942–1945)
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Caretaker Cabinet of Winston Churchill (May–July 1945)
Lord President of the Council
Lord Woolton
Photograph
Lord Privy Seal
Lord Beaverbrook
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Sir John Anderson
Foreign Secretary
Anthony Eden
Home Secretary
Sir Donald Somervell
First Lord of the Admiralty
Brendan Bracken
Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
Robert Hudson
Secretary of State for Air
Harold Macmillan
Secretary of State for the Colonies
Oliver Stanley
Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs
Viscount Cranborne
Minister of Education
Richard Law
Secretary of State for India and Burma
Leo Amery
Minister of Labour and National Service
Rab Butler
Minister of Production
President of the Board of Trade
Oliver Lyttelton
Secretary of State for Scotland
The Earl of Rosebery
Secretary of State for War
Sir P. J. Grigg
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Cabinet of Sir Winston Churchill (1951–1955)
Prime Minister
First Lord of the Treasury
Sir Winston Churchill (1951–55)
Photograph
Lord Chancellor
The Lord Simonds (1951–54)
The Viscount Kilmuir (1954–55)
Lord President of the Council
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Foreign Secretary
Sir Anthony Eden (1951–55)
Home Secretary
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Sir David Maxwell Fyfe (1951–54)
Gwilym Lloyd George (1954–55)
Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries
David Heathcoat-Armory (1954–55)
Secretary of State for the Colonies
Oliver Lyttelton (1951–54)
Alan Lennox-Boyd (1954–55)
Minister for Coordination of Transport, Fuel and Power
The Lord Leathers (1951–53)
Minister of Defence
Winston Churchill (1951–52)
The Earl Alexander of Tunis (1952–54)
Harold Macmillan (1954–55)
Minister of Education
Sir David Eccles (1954–55)
Minister of Health
Harry Crookshank (1951–52)
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Harold Macmillan (1951–54)
Duncan Sandys (1954–55)
Minister of Labour and National Service
Sir Walter Monckton (1951–55)
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
The Lord Woolton (1952–55)
Minister of Materials
The Lord Woolton (1953–55)
Paymaster General
The Lord Cherwell (1951–53)
Secretary of State for Scotland
James Stuart (1951–55)
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War Cabinet of Neville Chamberlain (1939–1940)
Prime Minister
Leader of the House of Commons
Neville Chamberlain (1939–1940)
Arthur-Neville-Chamberlain.jpg
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Sir Samuel Hoare (1939–1940)
Sir Kingsley Wood (1940)
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Foreign Secretary
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Leslie Hore-Belisha (1939–1940)
Oliver Stanley (1940)
Secretary of State for Air
Sir Kingsley Wood (1939–1940)
Sir Samuel Hoare (1940)
First Lord of the Admirality
Winston Churchill (1939–1940)
Minister for Coordination of Defence
Lord Chatfield (1939–1940)
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Lord Hankey (1939–1940)
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Cold War
Participants and notable figures
ANZUS
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Chinese Civil War (Second round)
1950s
Bamboo Curtain
Korean War
1953 Iranian coup d'état
Uprising of 1953 in East Germany
1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
Partition of Vietnam
First Taiwan Strait Crisis
Geneva Summit (1955)
Poznań 1956 protests
Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Suez Crisis
Sputnik crisis
Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
Cuban Revolution
Kitchen Debate
Asian–African Conference
Bricker Amendment
McCarthyism
Operation Gladio
Iraqi July Revolution
Hallstein Doctrine
1960s
Congo Crisis
Sino-Soviet split
1960 U-2 incident
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Berlin Wall
Portuguese Colonial War (Angolan War of Independence
Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
Mozambican War of Independence)
Cuban missile crisis
Iraqi Ramadan Revolution
1963 Syrian coup d'état[citation needed]
November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état[citation needed]
Vietnam War
1964 Brazilian coup d'état
United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–1966)
South African Border War
Transition to the New Order
Domino theory
ASEAN Declaration
Laotian Civil War
1966 Syrian coup d'état[citation needed]
Argentine Revolution
Korean DMZ Conflict
Greek military junta of 1967–1974
USS Pueblo incident
Six-Day War
War of Attrition
Cultural Revolution
Sino-Indian War
Prague Spring
Invasion of Czechoslovakia
Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution
Goulash Communism
Sino-Soviet border conflict
1970s
Détente
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Black September in Jordan
1970 Syrian Corrective Revolution[citation needed]
Cambodian Civil War
Realpolitik
Ping Pong Diplomacy
Four Power Agreement on Berlin
1972 Nixon visit to China
1973 Chilean coup d'état
Yom Kippur War
Carnation Revolution
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
Rhodesian Bush War
Angolan Civil War
Mozambican Civil War
Ogaden War
Ethiopian Civil War
Lebanese Civil War
Sino-Albanian split
Cambodian–Vietnamese War
Sino-Vietnamese War
Iranian Revolution
Operation Condor
Dirty War
Bangladesh Liberation War
Korean Air Lines Flight 902
1980s
Soviet war in Afghanistan
1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
Solidarity
Soviet reaction
Contras
Central American crisis
RYAN
Korean Air Lines Flight 007
Able Archer 83
Star Wars
Invasion of Grenada
People Power Revolution
Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
United States invasion of Panama
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Revolutions of 1989
Glasnost
Perestroika
1990s
Democratic Revolution in Mongolia
Breakup of Yugoslavia
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
Foreign policy
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Containment
Eisenhower Doctrine
Domino theory
Kennedy Doctrine
Peaceful coexistence
Ostpolitik
Johnson Doctrine
Brezhnev Doctrine
Nixon Doctrine
Ulbricht Doctrine
Carter Doctrine
Reagan Doctrine
Rollback
Ideologies
Capitalism
Chicago school
Keynesianism
Monetarism
Neoclassical economics
Reaganomics
Supply-side economics
Thatcherism
Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Castroism
Eurocommunism
Guevarism
Hoxhaism
Juche
Maoism
Stalinism
Titoism
Liberal democracy
Social democracy
Organizations
ASEAN
CIA
Comecon
EEC
KGB
Safari Club
MI6
Stasi
Propaganda
Active measures
Izvestia
Pravda
Crusade for Freedom
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Red Scare
TASS
Voice of America
Voice of Russia
Races
Arms race
Nuclear arms race
Space Race
See also
Brinkmanship
NATO–Russia relations
Soviet and Russian espionage in U.S.
Soviet Union–United States relations
US–Soviet summits
Category
Portal
Timeline
List of conflicts
[hide]
v
t
e
Notable figures of the Cold War
Soviet Union
Joseph Stalin
Vyacheslav Molotov
Georgy Malenkov
Andrei Gromyko
Nikita Khrushchev
Anatoly Dobrynin
Leonid Brezhnev
Alexei Kosygin
Yuri Andropov
Konstantin Chernenko
Mikhail Gorbachev
Nikolai Ryzhkov
Eduard Shevardnadze
Gennady Yanayev
Boris Yeltsin
United States
Harry S. Truman
George Marshall
Joseph McCarthy
Dwight D. Eisenhower
John Foster Dulles
Francis Gary Powers
John F. Kennedy
Robert F. Kennedy
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
Robert McNamara
Lyndon B. Johnson
Richard Nixon
Henry Kissinger
Gerald Ford
Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
George P. Shultz
Caspar Weinberger
George Bush
China and Taiwan
Chiang Kai-shek
Mao Zedong
Lin Biao
Zhou Enlai
Hua Guofeng
Deng Xiaoping
Chiang Ching-kuo
Hu Yaobang
Zhao Ziyang
Japan
Hirohito
Shigeru Yoshida
Ichirō Hatoyama
Germany
Walter Ulbricht
Konrad Adenauer
Walter Hallstein
Willy Brandt
Helmut Schmidt
Helmut Kohl
Erich Honecker
United Kingdom
Winston Churchill
Clement Attlee
Ernest Bevin
Anthony Eden
Harold Macmillan
Alec Douglas-Home
Kim Philby
Harold Wilson
Edward Heath
James Callaghan
Margaret Thatcher
Italy
Alcide De Gasperi
Palmiro Togliatti
Giulio Andreotti
Aldo Moro
Enrico Berlinguer
Francesco Cossiga
Bettino Craxi
France
Charles de Gaulle
Alain Poher
Georges Pompidou
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
François Mitterrand
Northern Europe
Urho Kekkonen
Dag Hammarskjöld
Spain
Francisco Franco
Luis Carrero Blanco
Juan Carlos I of Spain
Adolfo Suárez
Felipe González
Portugal
António de Oliveira Salazar
Marcelo Caetano
Álvaro Cunhal
Salgueiro Maia
Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho
António de Spínola
Vasco Gonçalves
António Ramalho Eanes
Mário Soares
Francisco de Sá Carneiro
Aníbal Cavaco Silva
Poland
Bolesław Bierut
Władysław Gomułka
Edward Gierek
Wojciech Jaruzelski
Pope John Paul II
Lech Wałęsa
Canada
William Lyon Mackenzie King
Louis St. Laurent
John Diefenbaker
Lester B. Pearson
Pierre Trudeau
Joe Clark
John Turner
Brian Mulroney
Kim Campbell
Philippines
Benigno Aquino, Jr.
Corazon Aquino
Juan Ponce Enrile
Gregorio Honasan
Nur Misuari
Jose Maria Sison
Diosdado Macapagal
Ferdinand Marcos
Imelda Marcos
Fidel V. Ramos
Africa
Agostinho Neto
José Eduardo dos Santos
Jonas Savimbi (Angola)
Denis Sassou Nguesso (Congo)
Patrice Lumumba
Mobutu Sese Seko (Congo/Zaire)
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Anwar Sadat (Egypt)
Haile Selassie I
Mengistu Haile Mariam (Ethiopia)
Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)
Muammar